The plastic might one day be used for making artificial organs
A self-repairing plastic "skin" has been developed and tested by US scientists. The smart type of plastic, which automatically knits together when cracked or broken, could one day be used to make artificial organs.
The material contains microcapsules filled with a special healing agent.
Like human skin, it bleeds and heals itself, offering a potential breakthrough in vital materials used in surgical implants. It could also prove useful for making rocket and spacecraft components, which cannot be repaired once they are in use.
=====
The research is being approached from a number of angles...
The "skin" can sense temperature and pressure simultaneously Japanese researchers have developed a flexible artificial skin that could give robots a humanlike sense of touch. The team manufactured a type of "skin" capable of sensing pressure and another capable of sensing temperature.
These are supple enough to wrap around robot fingers and relatively cheap to make, the researchers have claimed.
The University of Tokyo team describe their work in the latest issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The materials they're using may not be completely novel but the integration appears to be something new
Douglas Weibel, Harvard University
The researchers explain how pressure-sensing and temperature-sensing networks can be laminated together, forming an artificial skin that can detect both properties simultaneously.
Takao Someya, lead author on the latest research, previously developed a form of artificial skin capable of sensing pressure.
But the ability to sense temperature as well allows the scientists to more closely imitate the functions of human skin.
Someya and his colleagues used electronic circuits as pressure sensors and semiconductors as temperature sensors. They embedded these sensors in a thin plastic film to create a net-like matrix.
Organic materials
The transistors used in the circuits and the semiconductors both use "organic" materials based on chains of carbon atoms.
This makes them mechanically flexible and relatively inexpensive to fabricate.
"Both of those characteristics sound compelling. The material sounds like it could have lots of functions," Dr Douglas Weibel, of the department of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University told the BBC News website.
"The materials they're using may not be completely novel but the integration appears to be something new."
The University of Tokyo scientists say their breakthrough has the potential to improve how robots will function in the real world.
And they add that there is no need to stop at simply imitating the functions of human skin.
"It will be possible in the near future to make an electronic skin that has functions that human skin lacks," the researchers write in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Future artificial skins could incorporate sensors not only for pressure and temperature, but also for light, humidity, strain or sound, they add.
But other, more direct—and more compact—methods of artificial smell detection are under development. Here are some examples:
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is a tiny device that can detect a single, arbitrary chemical. This sensor consists of a quartz crystal vibrating at a known frequency. It’s coated with a material that can absorb molecules only of a very specific size and shape. When it does, its mass increases slightly, changing the frequency of the crystal’s vibration. A simple circuit detects the change and signals that the chemical in question is present. Given an array of QCM sensors, each with a coating that responds to a different chemical, you can detect a wide range of smells.
A variation on this idea under development by IBM in Zürich is the cantilever sensor: a series of flexible, microscopic silicon beams—each coated with a different polymer. When one of the beams absorbs a specific chemical, it bends slightly; the chip to which the beams are attached detects this change.
An entirely different approach being studied at the University of Illinois involves using vapor-sensitive dyes called metalloporphyrins that change color when exposed to certain chemicals. By examining the “before” and “after” states of an array of these dyes, a computer can essentially “see” smells. Decoding output from an array of sensors (of whatever sort) is an interesting challenge, because substances that are very similar chemically sometimes smell much different from each other; conversely, substances that smell nearly the same can be completely different at the molecular level. For this task, researchers often rely on neural networks, software that can be trained to identify patterns and make educated guesses about new combinations based on their similarities to patterns that have already been verified.
So where is all this technology going to be put to use? And what about those robots?
Follow Your Nose Artificial noses show the most promise in applications where the human nose is insufficiently sensitive or discriminating. For example, sensors could detect when food is spoiled long before a human nose could—an artificial nose may be built into your refrigerator one day. Just as the bacteria that cause spoilage produce distinctive odors, so do some disease-causing bacteria. Devices now in development will be able to diagnose certain illnesses by smelling blood samples.
ABSTRACT: My purpose is to initiate a discussion of the ethics of implanting computer chips in the brain and to raise some initial ethical and social questions. Computer scientists predict that within the next twenty years neural interfaces will be designed that will not only increase the dynamic range of senses, but will also enhance memory and enable "cyberthink" — invisible communication with others. This technology will facilitate consistent and constant access to information when and where it is needed. The ethical evaluation in this paper focuses on issues of safely and informed consent, issues of manufacturing and scientific responsibility, anxieties about the psychological impacts of enhancing human nature, worries about possible usage in children, and most troubling, issues of privacy and autonomy. Inasmuch as this technology is fraught with perilous implications for radically changing human nature, for invasions of privacy and for governmental control of individuals, public discussion of its benefits and burdens should be initiated, and policy decisions should be made as to whether its development should be proscribed or regulated, rather than left to happenstance, experts and the vagaries of the commercial market.
The future may well involve the reality of science fiction's cyborg, persons who have developed some intimate and occasionally necessary relationship with a machine. It is likely that implantable computer chips acting as sensors, or actuators, may soon assist not only failing memory, but even bestow fluency in a new language, or enable "recognition" of previously unmet individuals. The progress already made in therapeutic devices, in prosthetics and in computer science indicate that it may well be feasible to develop direct interfaces between the brain and computers.
=====
So...another question is this:
Will you allow a politically and socially liberal college professor to determine policies for where and when this technology is allowed to be used? Would you let someone like a Pat Robertson influence the legal and moral questions? Maybe a Hans Blix gets to make the decision for you? How about a Hugo Chavez or a Mahmoud Ahmadinejad?
Also keep in mind that in the U.S. the Democrat Party has pretty much controlled military and intelligence spending over the last forty or fifty years... They were in charge of most of the Senate and House commitees involved, you know... If it doesn't get through the commitee, it never gets to the Floor for a vote...
So...who decides what is ethical and allowable for you as regards the technology that we've been talking about?
As well, the next time you hear stories of aliens having "mind controlled" cyborgs...the idea won't seem quite so insane. Mankind isn't far from achieving the same thing himself.
Touch sensor is as sensitive as your fingertip 19:00 08 June 2006 NewScientist.com news service Kurt Kleiner Tools
An optical image of a Lincoln penny (left) and the pressure image from the tactile sensor (right) (Image: Science)Related ArticlesElectronic skin to give robots human-like touch
16 August 2005 Robot hand performs remote breast checks 05 July 2005 Search New Scientist
Richard Crowder, University of Southampton Ravi Saraf Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Science An artificial touch sensor as sensitive as a human fingertip has been developed by US scientists. One day it could let surgeons remotely "feel" tissue through an endoscope and help robots pour drinks without spilling a drop.
The sensor is made from a film of nanoparticles of gold and cadmium sulphide. It is so sensitive that it can easily detect the contours of Abraham Lincoln's head embossed on a US penny, and even make out the outlines of the smallest letters printed on the coin.
To make the sensor, researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, US, deposited alternating layers of gold and cadmium sulphide nanoparticles, separated by insulating layers of polymer, to create a film just 100 nanometres thick and about a centimetre on each side.
Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #34 on Jan 6, 2007, 6:15am »
Quote:
So...another question is this:
Will you allow a politically and socially liberal college professor to determine policies for where and when this technology is allowed to be used? Would you let someone like a Pat Robertson influence the legal and moral questions? Maybe a Hans Blix gets to make the decision for you? How about a Hugo Chavez or a Mahmoud Ahmadinejad?
Yeah, its a huge problem. However, all major paradigm shifts in the use of technology are fraught with peril, and experience some initial period of misuse. We're still experiencing such a period in regards to the Internet. One of the most important steps to take is to develop this technology here (and by here I mean the US, my here) and more-or-less simultaneously within a number of companies (not through gov't labs, or perhaps jointly with gov't labs). This will ensure some degree of public exposure immediately (through commercial applications). People will anticipate eventual misuse, prompting emergent cybernetics and wetware companies to develop security-minded hardware and software improvements, respectively. This way, when a Chavez or Ahmadinejad eventually does develop weaponized viruses aimed at hijacking these implants, firewalls will be thrown up in their path. Halting research along these lines in the free world through federal regulation or international treaty will only produce a woefully short-lived false feeling of security.
Quote:
Also keep in mind that in the U.S. the Democrat Party has pretty much controlled military and intelligence spending over the last forty or fifty years... They were in charge of most of the Senate and House committees involved, you know... If it doesn't get through the committee, it never gets to the Floor for a vote...
So...who decides what is ethical and allowable for you as regards the technology that we've been talking about?
Which most media agencies see fit to ignore totally when assigning blame for the state of the military or the intelligence agencies...... Well, I have a long-standing policy of not starting political flamewars, so I'll stop that line of venting with that.
The answer, I think, is never to regulate health or cognition-related enhancements. Weaponized enhancements should be treated like firearms and other weapons...you need a license, if you use them in a crime they're removed, and the stronger stuff is restricted to police and military use. The last place these things should be decided is in the halls of academia.
Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #35 on Jan 6, 2007, 6:25am »
Now, one of the more interesting concepts I've come across in my exploration of the future of nanonics is that concept that at one point, enhancement could become replacement. That is to say, certain processes carried out by organs could conceivably, at one point, be carried out at the microscale by nanobots.
For instance, the movement of blood through the body, which could conceivably be produced through agitation by nanobots diffused throughout the vascular system (thereby eliminating the need for a heart). Also, digestion needn't be so complex and messy; the esophagus could merely for a small bulb at the end where digestion nanobots break down food, and only move needed nutrients into the bloodstream. Elimination could occur through the skin, almost certainly in a far less aesthetically offensive manner than currently. Also, the blood would be self-purifying. So, at this point, we've also eliminated the need for a stomach, intestines (large and small), rectum, kidneys and liver.
Joined: Dec 2006 Gender: Male Posts: 1,178 Karma: 0
Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #36 on Jan 6, 2007, 10:07pm »
Quote:
Now, one of the more interesting concepts I've come across in my exploration of the future of nanonics is that concept that at one point, enhancement could become replacement. That is to say, certain processes carried out by organs could conceivably, at one point, be carried out at the microscale by nanobots.
For instance, the movement of blood through the body, which could conceivably be produced through agitation by nanobots diffused throughout the vascular system (thereby eliminating the need for a heart). Also, digestion needn't be so complex and messy; the esophagus could merely for a small bulb at the end where digestion nanobots break down food, and only move needed nutrients into the bloodstream. Elimination could occur through the skin, almost certainly in a far less aesthetically offensive manner than currently. Also, the blood would be self-purifying. So, at this point, we've also eliminated the need for a stomach, intestines (large and small), rectum, kidneys and liver.
Any of this starting to sound familiar?
Man. I had no idea that any of this was being worked on...
...and it does sound an awful lot like some of the UFO contactee testimonies, doesn't it. With some of the descriptions, I've been wondering, "If that's true, just HTH could they do that?" Thank you for providing the answer for me, Tlaloc. Even knowing what little I do about nano-tech, I was having a hard time "gettin' there from here." I've never put it all together like that.
Joined: Dec 2006 Gender: Male Posts: 1,178 Karma: 0
Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #37 on Jan 7, 2007, 12:37am »
A bit of speculative fiction... .
====.
Oh, there you are! Welcome. Welcome. Come right in! It is so good to see you. Right on time, I see. Of course, with your cesium clock neural upgrade, how could it be otherwise?
I see that you've chosen the SubUrban Middle-class Package for your exterior. That's a wonderful choice! With those good looks, you'll stand out just a bit. No need to worry, though. You’ll still be able to fit in with any group of people in your normal day to day activities. We do have exterior packages and upgrades available for blue collar workers, too, you know. But, as an executive living in a suburban environment, that package is just perfect for you. Just perfect! I wouldn't have chosen any differently, myself.
You've received the bionic arms and legs of course. The artificial muscles, the enhanced hearing, enhanced sight, and… Ah! Good! You've chosen the complete package for the on board neural and wireless interfaces. That’s an excellent choice, sir. You've also added the MBA and accounting upgrades. Oh! You also paid for the PhD upgrades as well. How very nice. Your family must be very proud. You've received the artificial heart, liver and lung enhancements. You've increased the alcohol tolerance, too, I see. You've also upgraded your sense of smell, which is several times more sensitive than that of a bloodhound, by the way. The model that you've chosen even comes with a chemical diagnostic. (You may want to disable it when you drink tap water.) A chemical diagnostic with accounting and MBA upgrades? I think we can guess who you work for, can't we? Oh, that's right. I forgot about the program your company offers. Our company doesn't offer that benefit, although the Local is negotiating. That means you've been with your company what? Ten years, now, correct? Oh, you waited for fifteen and took the larger package, did you? Good for you. Patience is a virtue, they say. You must be very good at what you do. In most companies some of these upgrades are only available for senior management and board members.
Let's see, here...
You've ordered the standard dental implants, which will never wear out or break. I wouldn't have taken the titanium upgrades, either. The nano-hardened ceramics are good enough for me and my family. My son wanted the solid state dental 'tongue control' implants for his university work. I just had to say no, of course. I don't want to spoil him, you know. The dental upgrades containing the radio frequency transmitters and receivers? They have all of the bells and whistles. They’re quite expensive, actually. Well, if you need them they are an excellent choice, but the standard implants are perfectly serviceable for most of us.
You've also upgraded to the artificial skin and included the catastrophic bleeding control option. That's a good choice, actually. Better to be prepared, I always say. You've also received the invisibility upgrades. Well...I won't talk about corporate espionage if you don't. All of our work is strictly confidential, of course. So don't be worried about that. No one except for you and our company will ever know about them. All of the options you've chosen are controlled by the EEG wireless interface located in the neural upgrade. It'll take a little bit of practice, but you'll get it sorted out, I'm sure. It requires a bit more self-discipline, but most people manage after a bit. You will need some artificial touch to go with the artificial skin. It is an optional upgrade and certain careers don’t require it, but I highly recommend it. Come back in a few weeks and it will take no time at all to install. Based upon the business that you and your company have given us, I’m sure that we can work out a discount. Just for you, of course.
We do have the "Fearless Hero" option for the computer interface. ...or... would you prefer the "Pollyanna" upgrade instead? Now, neither of these options adds a lot of expense to the other upgrades that you've chosen, but if you decide on one of them, I do recommend a complete anti-virus and firewall upgrade. Personally, I would spare no expense on the anti-virus and firewall software, but that's just me. I'm a bit cautious, myself. In your line of work, I would consider it a necessity.
No. I'm truly sorry. The "Cyborg Soldier" upgrades are classified only for military use. You'll need to see your local military recruiter about those. No, from what I understand, they haven't been approved for civilian militias. I don't know why those militias try to collect the weapons. Without the "Cyborg Soldier" upgrades, those weapons are perfectly useless. Oh, you were asking for a friend. ...I see...
Well, yes, we do have a number of scholastic and scientific PhD upgrades available for your computer brain interface, but our specialty is really of a more business executive nature. I must warn you that the "Embassy Suite" upgrades are quite expensive, but you'll be able to speak any language on earth with superb fluency once you have them installed. If you are into that sort of a thing, the "Embassy Suite" package would almost be worth it just for the history and political science upgrades which are standard with that software.
I really hate to rush you, but I see that our time is up. If there are no more questions, I have another client to assist. Before you leave, you need to go down the hall and see Sue in "Calibrations." I know that this is all a bit time consuming, but our insurance requires a final 'sign-off,' so to speak. Well, with what happened last year to that poor man with the "Wall Street" upgrade, you understand, I'm sure. They always have had troubles with the cyclic nature of that software. They never have worked out how to keep one's emotions in check with that one. I mean, if you like that sort of a thing, the risks are well worth it, but when it doesn't work, well...you can lose everything, can’t you?
What? Oh, no. That package is only for astronauts and military pilots. Of course, with the long voyages and physical requirements, not having to use the bathroom, take a bath or any other worries about personal hygiene, it is an advantage. All of that life support equipment they needed a generation ago is totally unnecessary. Plus, such a package is only for those who can live without intimate relations or emotional attachments. Once you've gotten that package installed, you're not really human anymore, are you? Aside from pilots and astronauts, that package is really only for certain types of birth defects and victims of catastrophic accidents. Basically, it's a full body replacement, and they only use certain parts of your own brain. Really... once you've done all of that, you aren't even you anymore, are you?
That's all the time I have for today, sir. Don't forget to stop in "Calibrations" before you leave! If Sue is busy, please go to the client lounge for a few minutes, and wait there. It is a very nice facility. The interactive holo-media is one of the best. The projections are as real as you or I. You just can’t tell the difference. The pastries and refreshments are excellent. I personally recommend them. Have a good day, sir. I am so glad you stopped in.
=====
(Yeah. I wrote that in about fifteen minutes, so cut me some slack.)
(Edited for grammar and such. I just couldn't stand it anymore...)
Joined: Dec 2006 Gender: Male Posts: 1,178 Karma: 0
Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #38 on Jan 11, 2007, 1:10am »
So... you're a Cyborg. You want to climb vertical smooth surfaces...
(hotlinks to videos in text at website)
===== Top tech movies: Creepy-crawly climbing bots and more
13:15 09 January 2007 NewScientist.com news service Tom Simonite
Creepy crawlers Researchers at Case Western University in Ohio, US, are using robots equipped with a cross between wheels and legs - called "whegs" - to test a new material that mimics the gravity-defying feet of geckos and insects.
The robot's whegs are wheels with four spokes protruding at regular intervals around their edge. Small bots with strips of everyday adhesive tape attached to the spokes of their four whegs can climb walls but struggle once the tape is contaminated with dirt.
Tape featuring microscopic structures that mimic those found on the feet of geckos and wall-climbing insects could provide a way around this problem. The new material, developed by German company Gottlieb Binder, is less sticky than the adhesive tape, but works even when contaminated with dirt.
This video shows experiments involving both types of tape (8.5MB, mov format).
Another clip shows a flying robot with whegs as well as retractable wings (9MB, mov format). The robot, resembling a large winged insect, combines the ability to fly with the capacity to crawl to reach a specific location on the ground.
Both projects were demonstrated at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), which was held in Beijing, China in October 2006.
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Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #39 on Jan 14, 2007, 8:26am »
Btw. You can get a cell phone tooth implant with the FM receiver.
Soon the phrase "I've got something in my tooth" -- instead of conjuring up fears of root canal surgery and the like -- could refer to the latest in wearable wireless technology.
A new design for a tooth implant that receives digital signals from radios and mobile phones will be on display at the Science Museum in London beginning Friday.
Designed by Jimmy Loizeau and James Auger, research associates from MIT Media Lab Europe, this collaboration between the Science Museum and the Royal College of Art aims to increase public understanding of science, technology and the arts by showcasing young talent. Part of the "future products" exhibit, it is supported by the National Endowment for Science, Technology & the Arts.
"James and Jimmy's designs raises some real issues about how far we want to go with using biotechnology in our bodies; the possibilities are endless," said NESTA spokesman Joe Meaney.
With your jawbone playing antenna and your head the receiver set, your newly enhanced teeth could allow you to hear the alarm clock without waking your partner, tune into your favorite music and even receive stock market information while you're out playing golf. Incorporating the technology is a relatively minor procedure. A micro-vibration device and a wireless receiver is implanted into a natural tooth during routine dental surgery.
Sounds are transferred from the tooth into the inner ear by bone resonance (digital signals being converted into audio). And for those who might be worried about a buzzing mouth, sound reception is assured to be totally discreet. "The vibrations are on a molecular level, so the user only experiences pure sound streaming into their consciousness," Loizeau says.
The implant is designed to work in tandem with either a dedicated device or a modified mobile telephone, which can pick up the long distance signals and transmit a local signal to the tooth receiver. Capable of being fully customized to suit user requirements, reception can be switched on and off at will with the aid of the dedicated device.
"We realize that having unwanted sound information arriving directly into the user's brain would resemble technological schizophrenia, therefore maximum control is essential." Auger says.
Currently the tooth works only as a receiver. "Basically for sound to be transmitted it needs to be created in the first place; speaking would (make moot) the discreet nature of the implant," Loizeau says.
For those high-volume lovers, the technology can be implanted in any number of molars. Having more than one tuneful tooth implanted creates a "surround sound" effect, a little like having lots of speakers in your car stereo.
With the minimal hardware required, estimated costs of the implant are quite low and because the dental surgery is pretty basic, the procedure is relatively cheap. With health issues being minimal, about the same as the issues rasied by the use of mobile phones, the tooth is expected to be available in markets in the near future. Why would anyone want voices in their head?
"It offers a 'Darwinian' advantage to the user whereby they have an advantage over their competition, although not a random mutation but a chosen one," says Auger. "We are very interested in the ethical debate surrounding bionics and post-human evolution."
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Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #40 on Jan 14, 2007, 8:39am »
And this website gives us all something to think about.
No. The products aren't - as yet - real, but this is the type of thing that you may see on the internet, and in a medical center near you, in the not so distant future.
Of course, for the uninitiated, Wiki has a good intro to the topic
Wearable computers are computers that are worn on the body. They have been applied to areas such as behavioral modeling, health monitoring systems, information technologies and media development. Government organizations, military, and health professionals have all incorporated wearable computers into their daily operations. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require computational support while the user's hands, voice, eyes or attention are actively engaged with the physical environment. Wristwatch videoconferencing system running GNU Linux, later featured in Linux Journal and presented at ISSCC2000 Wristwatch videoconferencing system running GNU Linux, later featured in Linux Journal and presented at ISSCC2000 One of the main features of a wearable computer is consistency. There is a constant interaction between the computer and user, ie. there is no need to turn the device on or off. Another feature is the ability to multi-task. It is not necessary to stop what you are doing to use the device; it is augmented into all other actions. These devices can be incorporated by the user to act like a prosthetic. It can therefore be an extension of the user’s mind and/or body.
Such devices look far different from the traditional cyborg image of wearable computers, but in fact these devices are becoming more powerful and more wearable all the time. The most extensive military program in the wearables arena is the US Army's Land Warrior system, which will eventually be merged into the Future Force Warrior system.
New thin-film semiconductor techniques invented by University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers promise to add sensing, computing and imaging capability to an amazing array of materials.
Historically, the semiconductor industry has relied on flat, two-dimensional chips upon which to grow and etch the thin films of material that become electronic circuits for computers and other electronic devices. But as thin as those chips might seem, they are quite beefy in comparison to the result of a new UW-Madison semiconductor fabrication process detailed in the current issue of the Journal of Applied Physics.
A team led by electrical and computer engineer Zhenqiang (Jack) Ma and materials scientist Max Lagally have developed a process to remove a single-crystal film of semiconductor from the substrate on which it is built. This thin layer (only a couple of hundred nanometers thick) can be transferred to glass, plastic or other flexible materials, opening a wide range of possibilities for flexible electronics. In addition, the semiconductor film can be flipped as it is transferred to its new substrate, making its other side available for more components. This doubles the possible number of devices that can be placed on the film.
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Re: An Invisible Cyborg?: was/Cyborgs R Us? « Reply #43 on Jan 16, 2007, 7:05am »
Now. If you are a true Cyborg, you won't need this device of course, but it will always be nice to have a back-up, won't it? it'll do...at least...until you can get to a med-tech and repair or replace the wireless computer located in your brain.
It seems that information terminals are infinitely getting smaller. However, we will continue to manipulate them with our hands for now. We have visualized the connection between the latest technology and the human, in a form of a pen. P-ISM is a gadget package including five functions: a pen-style cellular phone with a handwriting data input function, virtual keyboard, a very small projector, camera scanner, and personal ID key with cashless pass function. P-ISMs are connected with one another through short-range wireless technology. The whole set is also connected to the Internet through the cellular phone function. This personal gadget in a minimalistic pen style enables the ultimate ubiquitous computing.
[Updated May 12] -- Intec Automation is shipping a tiny ColdFire-powered CPU module claimed to be the smallest Linux SBC (single-board computer) with Internet connectivity, a reasonable amount of memory, and "massive control functionality." The WildFireMod measures 1.9 x 1.7 inches (49 x 44mm), and targets data acquisition systems, communications, electric and internal combustion motor controllers, robotics, automotive, avionics, and industrial control
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